EAT-Lancet · Planetary Health Diet

Planetary
Diet

A dietary model developed by 37 scientists from 16 countries — for human health and for the future of the planet.

01 Origins & Principles

What is the planetary diet?

A way of eating that simultaneously protects human health and does not burden the environment — developed by one of the largest scientific commissions in history.

In 2015, the Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission published the report "Planetary Health", answering an urgent question: how do we feed 10 billion people in 2050 without destroying the planet? The result of years of research is a dietary model based mainly on plant foods: whole grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts and legumes. The model allows moderate amounts of dairy, fish and poultry — it is not a vegan diet, but a flexible flexitarian model. In Helsinki in 2019, the urgent need for nutritional reform in Europe was announced. The planetary diet became the reference point for EU food policy under the Farm to Fork strategy.
2015
Rockefeller–Lancet Report
A commission of 37 scientists publishes "Planetary Health" — model dietary recommendations for human and planetary health.
2019
Helsinki — Implementation
First European meeting. Announcement of the urgent need for dietary transformation at continental scale.
2026
Polish Schools
First mandatory implementation of planetary diet principles in Polish school canteens.
02 EAT-Lancet Plate

What do we eat? Recommended proportions.

The planetary diet is not a meal plan — it is a flexible nutritional framework. Each food group has a recommended daily amount and allowable range.

~2500 kcal/day
  • Whole Grains811 kcal · 33%
  • Legumes + Nuts575 kcal · 24%
  • Healthy Fats450 kcal · 18%
  • Vegetables + Fruits204 kcal · 8%
  • Dairy153 kcal · 6%
  • Animal products132 kcal · 5%
  • Added sugars (max)120 kcal · 5%
Food GroupRecommended g/dayRangekcal/day
🌾 Whole grains (rice, wheat, maize)232811
🫘 Dry legumes750–100284
🌰 Nuts500–75291
🥦 Vegetables (non-starchy)300200–60078
🍎 Fruits200100–300126
🥛 Dairy (milk, yoghurt, cheese)2500–500153
🫒 Unsaturated fats (olive, rapeseed)4020–80354
🧈 Saturated fats (butter)11.80–11.896
🍗 Poultry290–5862
🐟 Fish & seafood280–10040
🥩 Red meat140–2830
🥔 Tubers & starchy vegetables500–10039
🍬 Added sugars310–31120

Carbohydrate quality — what to choose?

Not all carbohydrates are equal. Quality matters, not just quantity.

✅ Best sources

  • Vegetables and fruits
  • Whole grain products
  • Coarse groats (buckwheat, pearl barley)
  • Legume seeds

⚠️ Moderate

  • Potatoes and sweet potatoes
  • White rice, fine groats
  • Dried fruits
  • Vegetable juices (unsweetened)

❌ Limit

  • Confectionery and cakes
  • White toast bread
  • Fast-food
  • White and cane sugar
03 Climate & Environment

Why does food change the climate?

Livestock farming is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases. By changing your plate, you genuinely change your carbon footprint.

18%
of global CO₂ emissions come from livestock farming
60 kg
CO₂ generated by producing 1 kg of beef
10,000 L
of water needed for 1 kg of beef
40%
of global grains allocated to animal feed
Carbon footprint of food products (CO₂ eq / 1 kg of product)
Beef
60 kg
Lamb
24 kg
Coffee
17 kg
Shrimp
12 kg
Olive oil
6 kg
Fish
5 kg
Eggs
4.5 kg
Rice
4 kg
Milk
3 kg
Tomatoes
1.4 kg
Maize
1 kg
Peas
0.9 kg
Apples
0.4 kg
Nuts
0.3 kg
Water footprint of meat (litres of water / 1 kg)
Beef
5,000–10,000 L
Pork
6,000 L
Poultry
4,000 L

European Green Deal — EU strategy for climate neutrality by 2050. Goal for 2030: reduce pesticides by 50%, fertilisers by 20%, 25% of farmland under organic farming.

04 Plant Protein

Where to get protein?

Legumes contain as much or more protein than meat. The key is proper food combining.

🌱 Legumes
Yellow lupin
42 g
Soy
35.1 g
Lentils
32 g
Field bean
29.6 g
Beans
25.1 g
Garden peas
21.2 g
🥩 Meat / Poultry
Chicken breast
21.5 g
Pork liver
22.0 g
Pork loin
21.0 g
Turkey thigh
19.4 g

Amino acid complementation principle

🫘 + 🌾

Legumes + Grains

Legumes lack methionine, grains lack lysine — combining them provides complete protein.

Lentils + wholemeal bread / Hummus + pita / Beans + rice

🫘 + 🌰

Legumes + Nuts/Seeds

Nuts complement the amino acid profile of legumes, adding methionine and healthy fats.

Lentil soup + pumpkin seeds / Chickpea salad + almonds

Health benefits of plant protein:
Anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, hypotensive, cholesterol-lowering, antioxidant effects. Legumes contain no saturated fats or cholesterol — they are a rich source of B vitamins, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc and fibre.

05 Polish Diet Today

Where are we? Data from the National Nutrition Test 2025

Fourth edition of the national Medonet survey (2025). The results are clear: the Polish diet needs fundamental change.

6.7/20
Average Healthy Plate Index of a Pole (scale -20 to +20) — up from 6.4 in 2022
51%
of Polish adults have excess body weight (59% of men, 44% of women)
1.84 kg
of legumes consumed by an average Pole per year (Italy: 5.6 kg)
10%
of Poles drink the WHO-recommended amount of water per day

Polish diet vs EAT-Lancet recommendations

Red meat⬆️ too much
Poland
77.5 kg/year
EAT-Lancet
14 g/day
Legumes⬇️ too little
Poland
1.84 kg/year
EAT-Lancet
75 g/day
Vegetables (5 portions/day)⬇️ too little
Poland
5% meet the WHO recommendation
EAT-Lancet
basis of every meal
Whole grains (daily)⬇️ too little
Poland
24% eat daily
EAT-Lancet
basis of diet

58% of Poles do not plan to reduce meat consumption — only 4% are determined to do so.
Reasons for eating meat: 55% "I like it", 26% "it's more filling", 21% believe most meals should contain meat.
Legumes are consumed daily by only 6% of Poles. 40% do not exercise at all. Average BMI: 26.2 kg/m².

Important in Poland
1 September 2026

Planetary Diet in Polish Schools

Poland is one of the first countries in Europe to introduce mandatory planetary diet principles in school canteens. This is a historic change in the nutritional education of children and young people.

🥦
More vegetables and legumes
New standards require min. 50% plant products in every school meal.
🥩
Reducing red meat
Beef and pork replaced by poultry, fish and plant-based alternatives.
🌾
Whole grains instead of white
Replacing white bread and refined pasta with whole grain equivalents.
06 Questions & Answers

Most frequently asked questions

No. It is a flexible flexitarian model. It allows poultry (up to 58 g/day), fish and seafood (up to 100 g/day) and dairy (up to 500 g/day). However, it limits red and processed meat (beef, pork: 0–28 g/day). The most important change is significant reduction, not complete elimination.

Yes. Legumes contain as much or more protein than meat: yellow lupin 42 g/100g, soy 35.1 g/100g, lentils 32 g/100g — compared to 21.5 g/100g of chicken. The key is combining legumes with grains (hummus + pita, lentils + wholemeal bread) — this combination provides complete protein with all essential amino acids.

On a well-balanced plant-based diet you may need: vitamin B12 (absent from plants), vitamin D3 (particularly in Poland from October to March), omega-3 DHA/EPA fatty acids (from marine algae), iron (combined with vitamin C for better absorption) and possibly iodine. Calcium can usually be obtained from fortified plant-based drinks.

No. Legumes (lentils, peas, beans, chickpeas) are among the cheapest sources of protein. Ready-made meat substitutes (e.g. Beyond Meat, Quorn) can be more expensive, but they are not necessary. A diet based on raw legumes, grains and vegetables is genuinely cheaper than a typical Polish meat-based diet.

The planetary diet is recommended from age 2. For children under 2, individual dietary advice with B12 supplementation is essential. For adults the model is safe without age restrictions — older people may need higher protein and calcium intake.

Small steps principle: (1) Replace one meat dish per week with legumes. (2) Switch to wholemeal bread instead of white. (3) Add a handful of nuts to your daily diet. (4) Increase vegetables to min. 300 g/day. (5) After a month, reduce red meat to 1–2 times per week. The body adapts to fibre gradually — sudden change can cause digestive discomfort.

Directly. The European Green Deal and Farm to Fork strategy aim by 2030 to: reduce pesticides by 50%, cut fertilisers by 20%, and have 25% of agricultural land under organic farming. The planetary diet is a nutritional model aligned with these goals — producing legumes and whole grains has a many times lower carbon footprint than meat production.

The European Green Deal is an EU strategy aimed at zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. In the context of food, this means transforming the agri-food production system. Consumers can support these goals precisely through dietary change — reducing red meat is one of the individual actions with the greatest impact on CO₂ emissions.

The food carbon footprint is the sum of greenhouse gas emissions generated during production, transport, processing and disposal of a product. Producing 1 kg of beef generates 60 kg CO₂ eq — 67 times more than 1 kg of peas (0.9 kg CO₂). You can estimate your carbon footprint using online calculators or nutrition apps that include emission data.

Yes. The new guidelines being implemented from September 2026 in Polish schools are based precisely on the principles of the planetary diet. Research shows that children fed according to the flexitarian model have similar (or better) nutritional status than peers on a traditional diet. The key is balancing school meals for iron, calcium and protein.

07 Did you know?

Numbers worth knowing

60 kg
CO₂ per 1 kg of beef
Producing a kilogram of beef emits as much CO₂ as driving a car ~250 km. Peas generate 67 times fewer emissions.
10,000 L
water per 1 kg of beef
That is how much water the production of one kilogram of beef uses. Pork is 6,000 L, poultry 4,000 L, lentils just ~900 L.
7 kg
grain per 1 kg of beef
That much grain is needed to produce 1 kg of beef. 40% of global grain resources go to animal feed.
5 million t
food waste per year in Poland
60% comes from individual consumers. Globally we waste 1/3 of all food produced (UN).
~100
heart attack deaths per day in Poland
50% of all deaths in Poland are cardiovascular diseases. A plant-based diet lowers LDL and blood pressure.
20–30%
of malignant tumours are diet-related
Poor nutrition is the 2nd cause of cancers after smoking (ACS). Reducing red meat lowers colorectal cancer risk.